Holders sit atop a 6-well or a 24-well Flexcell® Culture Plate (Fig. 1) and allow users to run co-culture or cell migration assays with standard transwells.
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Analyze cell migration in response to strain.
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Run experiments with unstrained control cells and the strained cells in the same culture plate well.
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Compatible with Transwells for 6- and 24-well plates.
Applications of Transwell® with Flexcell® Culture Plates
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Co-Culture - Culture two different cell types in the presence or absence of mechanical load. Isolate direct and auto/paracrine effects of mechanical load.
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Cell Migration - Examine the paracrine/autocrine effects of substrate strain on cell migration.
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Transport & Permeability - Examine drug transport in response to the paracrine effects of mechanical load.
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Cell Polarity - Analyze the formation of polarized layers of cells in response to the paracrine effects brought about by mechanical load. In addition, examine epithelial penetration by pathogens, wound repair, ion channel activity, and other processes that rely on well-differentiated polarized cell layers.
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Chemotaxis & Invasion - Analyze the effects of mechanical load on inflammatory cell migration, metastatic invasion, and angiogenesis.
Read more about Applying Mechanical Load to Cells in Monolayer Culture
Figure 1: Schematic of a Transwell Holder with a Transwell supported atop the rubber membrane in the well of BioFlex® culture plate.
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Relevant Tech Reports
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106: Matrix Bonded Growth Surfaces. Growing Cells in a More Natural Matrix Environment
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202: Viewing Cells on Flexcell®'s Culture Plates. Light and Electron Microscope Techniques and Immunofluorescent Imaging
Recent Publications with a Flexcell® Tension Product
Mechanical injury induces brain endothelial-derived microvesicle release: implications for cerebral vascular injury during traumatic brain injury
Andrews AM, Lutton EM, Merkel SF, Razmpour R, Ramirez SH. Front Cell Neurosci 10:43, 2016. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00043.
Sonic hedgehog stimulates neurite outgrowth in a mechanical stretch model of reactive-astrogliosis
Berretta A, Gowing EK, Jasoni CL, Clarkson AN. Sci Rep 6:21896, 2016. doi: 10.1038/srep21896.
Mechanical stretch inhibits microRNA499 via p53 to regulate calcineurin-A expression in rat cardiomyocytes
Chua SK, Wang BW, Lien LM, Lo HM, Chiu CZ, Shyu KG. PLoS One 11(2):e0148683, 2016. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148683.
Varicose remodeling of veins is suppressed by 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors
Eschrich J, Meyer R, Kuk H, Wagner AH, Noppeney T, Debus S, Hecker M, Korff T. J Am Heart Assoc 5(2), 2016. pii: e002405. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.115.002405.
Hypercapnic acidosis attenuates pulmonary epithelial stretch-induced injury via inhibition of the canonical NF-κB pathway
Horie S, Ansari B, Masterson C, Devaney J, Scully M, O'Toole D, Laffey JG. Intensive Care Med Exp 4(1):8, 2016. doi: 10.1186/s40635-016-0081-6.
Gtf2ird1-Dependent mohawk expression regulates mechanosensing properties of the tendon
Kayama T, Mori M, Ito Y, Matsushima T, Nakamichi R, Suzuki H, Ichinose S, Saito M, Marumo K, Asahara H.Mol Cell Biol 36(8):1297-309, 2016. doi: 10.1128/MCB.00950-15.
Dynamic mechanical and nanofibrous topological combinatory cues designed for periodontal ligament engineering
Kim JH, Kang MS, Eltohamy M, Kim TH, Kim HW. PLoS One 11(3):e0149967, 2016. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149967.
Mechanical stretching stimulates collagen synthesis via down-regulating SO2/AAT1 pathway
Liu J, Yu W, Liu Y, Chen S, Huang Y, Li X, Liu C, Zhang Y, Li Z, Du J, Tang C, Du J, Jin H. Sci Rep 6:21112, 2016. doi: 10.1038/srep21112.
NF-κB signaling pathway in controlling intervertebral disk cell response to inflammatory and mechanical stressors
Tisherman R, Coelho P, Phillibert D, Wang D, Dong Q, Vo N, Kang J, Sowa G. Phys Ther 2016 Feb 18. [Epub ahead of print].
Intermittent cyclic mechanical tension promotes endplate cartilage degeneration via canonical Wnt signaling pathway and E-cadherin/β-catenin complex cross-talk
Xu HG, Zheng Q, Song JX, Li J, Wang H, Liu P, Wang J, Wang CD, Zhang XL. Osteoarthritis Cartilage24(1):158-68, 2016. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.07.019. Epub 2015 Aug 3.
Engineering tendon: scaffolds, bioreactors, and models of regeneration
Youngstrom DW, Barrett JG. Stem Cells Int 2016:3919030, 2016. doi: 10.1155/2016/3919030. Epub 2015 Dec 28.
Improving bone formation in osteoporosis through in vitro mechanical stimulation compared to biochemical stimuli
Acosta FL, Pham M, Safai Y, Buser Z. Journal of Nature and Science 1(4):e63, 2015.
Modeling the impact of scaffold architecture and mechanical loading on collagen turnover in engineered cardiovascular tissues
Argento G, de Jonge N, Söntjens SH, Oomens CW, Bouten CV, Baaijens FP. Biomech Model Mechanobiol14(3):603-13, 2015. doi: 10.1007/s10237-014-0625-1.
Effects of cyclic tensile strain on chondrocyte metabolism: a systematic review
Bleuel J, Zaucke F, Brüggemann GP, Niehoff A. PLoS One 10(3):e0119816, 2015. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119816.
Mechanical stretch induces apoptosis regulator TRB3 in cultured cardiomyocytes and volume-overloaded heart
Cheng WP, Wang BW, Lo HM, Shyu KG. PLoS One 10(4):e0123235, 2015. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123235.
Investigation of human embryonic stem cell-derived keratinocytes as an in vitro research model for mechanical stress dynamic response
Cherbuin T, Movahednia MM, Toh WS, Cao T. Stem Cell Rev 11(3):460-73, 2015. doi: 10.1007/s12015-014-9565-5.
Three-dimensional development of tensile pre-strained annulus fibrosus cells for tissue regeneration: An in-vitro study
Chuah YJ, Lee WC, Wong HK, Kang Y, Hee HT. Exp Cell Res 331(1):176-82, 2015. doi: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.09.022.
Preclinical models for in vitro mechanical loading of bone-derived cells
Delaine-Smith RM, Javaheri B, Helen Edwards J, Vazquez M, Rumney RM. Bonekey Rep 4:728, 2015. doi: 10.1038/bonekey.2015.97.
Blockade of the acute activation of mTOR complex 1 decreases hypertrophy development in rats with severe aortic valve regurgitation
Drolet MC, Desbiens-Brassard V, Roussel E, Tu V, Couet J, Arsenault M. Springerplus 4:435, 2015. doi: 10.1186/s40064-015-1230-1.
Loss of the mechanotransducer zyxin promotes a synthetic phenotype of vascular smooth muscle cells
Ghosh S, Kollar B, Nahar T, Suresh Babu S, Wojtowicz A, Sticht C, Gretz N, Wagner AH, Korff T, Hecker M. J Am Heart Assoc 4(6):e001712, 2015. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.114.001712.
Cell cycle- and cancer-associated gene networks activated by Dsg2: evidence of cystatin a deregulation and a potential role in cell-cell adhesion
Gupta A, Nitoiu D, Brennan-Crispi D, Addya S, Riobo NA, Kelsell DP, Mahoney MG. PLoS One10(3):e0120091, 2015. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120091.
Cyclic strain enhances cellular uptake of nanoparticles
Hu J, Liu Y. Journal of Nanomaterials 2015:953584, 2015. doi:10.1155/2015/953584.
Cyclic stretch augments production of neutrophil chemokines, matrix metalloproteinases, and activin A in human endometrial stromal cells
Izumi G, Koga K, Nagai M, Urata Y, Takamura M, Harada M, Hirata T, Hirota Y, Ogawa K, Inoue S, Fujii T, Osuga Y. Am J Reprod Immunol 2015 Jan 21. doi: 10.1111/aji.12359.
Mechanical stretch-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress, apoptosis and inflammation contribute to thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection
Jia LX, Zhang WM, Zhang HJ, Li TT, Wang YL, Qin YW, Gu H, Du J. J Pathol 236(3):373-83, 2015. doi: 10.1002/path.4534.
Tension force downregulates matrix metalloproteinase expression and upregulates the expression of their inhibitors through MAPK signaling pathways in MC3T3-E1 cells.
Karasawa Y, Tanaka H, Nakai K, Tanabe N, Kawato T, Maeno M, Shimizu N. Int J Med Sci 12(11):905-13, 2015. doi: 10.7150/ijms.13263.
Tension force-induced ATP promotes osteogenesis through P2X7 receptor in osteoblasts
Kariya T, Tanabe N, Shionome C, Kawato T, Zhao N, Maeno M, Suzuki N, Shimizu N. J Cell Biochem116(1):12-21, 2015. doi: 10.1002/jcb.24863.
CytoSpectre: a tool for spectral analysis of oriented structures on cellular and subcellular levels
Kartasalo K, Pölönen RP, Ojala M, Rasku J, Lekkala J, Aalto-Setälä K, Kallio P. BMC Bioinformatics 16:344, 2015. doi: 10.1186/s12859-015-0782-y.
Influence of mechanical stimulation on human dermal fibroblasts derived from different body sites
Kuang R, Wang Z, Xu Q, Liu S, Zhang W. Int J Clin Exp Med 8(5):7641-7, 2015.
Surface modification of uniaxial cyclic strain cell culture platform with temperature-responsive polymer for cell sheet detachment
Lee EL, Bendre HH, Kalmykov A, Wong JY. J Mater Chem B Mater Biol Med 3(40):7899-7902, 2015. Epub 2015 Aug 19.
Mechanical stretch induces angiotensinogen expression through PARP1 activation in kidney proximal tubular cells
Lee JS, Lim JY, Kim J. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 51(1):72-8, 2015. doi: 10.1007/s11626-014-9809-3.
Cyclic mechanical strain of myocytes modifies CapZβ1 post translationally via PKCε
Lin YH, Swanson ER, Li J, Mkrtschjan MA, Russell B. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 36(4-5):329-37, 2015. doi: 10.1007/s10974-015-9420-6. Epub 2015 Oct 1.
Loss-of-function mutations in CAST cause peeling skin, leukonychia, acral punctate keratoses, cheilitis, and knuckle pads
Lin Z, Zhao J, Nitoiu D, Scott CA, Plagnol V, Smith FJ, Wilson NJ, Cole C, Schwartz ME, McLean WH, Wang H, Feng C, Duo L, Zhou EY, Ren Y, Dai L, Chen Y, Zhang J, Xu X, O'Toole EA, Kelsell DP, Yang Y. Am J Hum Genet 96(3):440-7, 2015. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.12.026.
Effects of physiologic mechanical stimulation on embryonic chick cardiomyocytes using a microfluidic cardiac cell culture model
Nguyen MD, Tinney JP, Ye F, Elnakib AA, Yuan F, El-Baz A, Sethu P, Keller BB, Giridharan GA. Anal Chem87(4):2107-13, 2015. doi: 10.1021/ac503716z. Epub 2015 Feb 2.
TNFα shedding in mechanically stressed cardiomyocytes is mediated by Src activation of TACE
Niu A, Wang B, Li YP. J Cell Biochem 116(4):559-65, 2015. doi: 10.1002/jcb.25006.
Dyssynchronous pacing triggers endothelial-mesenchymal transition through heterogeneity of mechanical stretch in a canine model
Mai J, Hu Q, Xie Y, Su S, Qiu Q, Yuan W, Yang Y, Song E, Chen Y, Wang J. Circ J 79(1):201-9, 2015. doi: 10.1253/circj.CJ-14-0721.
Variability in vascular smooth muscle cell stretch-induced responses in 2D culture
Mantella LE, Quan A, Verma S. Vasc Cell 7:7, 2015. doi: 10.1186/s13221-015-0032-0.
Arterial expression of the calcium-sensing receptor is maintained by physiological pulsation and protects against calcification
Molostvov G, Hiemstra TF, Fletcher S, Bland R, Zehnder D. PLoS One 10(10):e0138833, 2015. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138833.
The stretch responsive microRNA miR-148a-3p is a novel repressor of IKBKB, NF-κB signaling, and inflammatory gene expression in human aortic valve cells
Patel V, Carrion K, Hollands A, Hinton A, Gallegos T, Dyo J, Sasik R, Leire E, Hardiman G, Mohamed SA, Nigam S, King CC, Nizet V, Nigam V. FASEB J 29(5):1859-68, 2015. doi: 10.1096/fj.14-257808.
Polycystin-1 is a cardiomyocyte mechanosensor that governs L-type Ca2+ channel protein stability
Pedrozo Z, Criollo A, Battiprolu PK, Morales CR, Contreras-Ferrat A, Fernández C, Jiang N, Luo X, Caplan MJ, Somlo S, Rothermel BA, Gillette TG, Lavandero S, Hill JA. Circulation 131(24):2131-42, 2015. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.013537. Epub 2015 Apr 17.
Cyclic mechanical strain induces TGFβ1-signalling in dermal fibroblasts embedded in a 3D collagen lattice
Peters AS, Brunner G, Krieg T, Eckes B. Arch Dermatol Res 307(2):191-7, 2015. doi: 10.1007/s00403-014-1514-2.
Simultaneous increases in proliferation and apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells accelerate diabetic mouse venous atherosclerosis
Ping S, Li Y, Liu S, Zhang Z, Wang J, Zhou Y, Liu K, Huang J, Chen D, Wang J, Li C. PLoS One10(10):e0141375, 2015. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141375.
High-magnitude and/or high-frequency mechanical strain promotes peripapillary scleral myofibroblast differentiation
Qu J, Chen H, Zhu L, Ambalavanan N, Girkin CA, Murphy-Ullrich JE, Downs JC, Zhou Y. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 56(13):7821-30, 2015. doi: 10.1167/iovs.15-17848.
Pompe disease results in a Golgi-based glycosylation deficit in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes
Raval KK, Tao R, White BE, De Lange WJ, Koonce CH, Yu J, Kishnani PS, Thomson JA, Mosher DF, Ralphe JC, Kamp TJ. J Biol Chem 290(5):3121-36, 2015. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M114.628628.
Effects of intermittent and incremental cyclic stretch on ERK signaling and collagen production in engineered tissue
Schmidt JB, Chen K, Tranquillo RT. Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering 1-10, 2015. doi:10.1007/s12195-015-0415-6.
Competition between cap and basal actin fiber orientation in cells subjected to contact guidance and cyclic strain
Tamiello C, Bouten CV, Baaijens FP. Sci Rep 5:8752, 2015. doi: 10.1038/srep08752.
Expression of heat shock protein 27 correlates with actin cytoskeletal dynamics and contractility of cultured human bladder smooth muscle cells
Wang Y, Xiong Z, Gong W, Zhou P, Xie Q, Zhou Z, Lu G. Exp Cell Res 338(1):39-44, 2015. doi: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.08.002.
Hypoxia inducible factor signaling and experimental persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn
Wedgwood S, Lakshminrusimha S, Schumacker PT, Steinhorn RH. Front Pharmacol 6:47, 2015. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00047.
Galectin-3 level and the severity of cardiac diastolic dysfunction using cellular and animal models and clinical indices
Wu CK, Su MY, Lee JK, Chiang FT, Hwang JJ, Lin JL, Chen JJ, Liu FT, Tsai CT. Sci Rep 5:17007, 2015. doi: 10.1038/srep17007.
Intermittent cyclic mechanical tension promotes endplate cartilage degeneration via canonical Wnt signaling pathway and E-cadherin/β-catenin complex cross-talk
Xu HG, Zheng Q, Song JX, Li J, Wang H, Liu P, Wang J, Wang CD, Zhang XL. Osteoarthritis Cartilage24(1):158-68, 2016. doi: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.07.019. Epub 2015 Aug 3.
Modeled osteopathic manipulative treatments: A review of their in vitro effects on fibroblast tissue preparations
Zein-Hammoud M, Standley PR. J Am Osteopath Assoc 115(8):490-502, 2015. doi: 10.7556/jaoa.2015.103.
Cyclic mechanical stretch promotes energy metabolism in osteoblast-like cells through an mTOR signaling-associated mechanism
Zeng Z, Jing D, Zhang X, Duan Y, Xue F. Int J Mol Med 36(4):947-56, 2015. doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2304. Epub 2015 Aug 5.
Cyclic stretch enhances bone morphogenetic protein-2-induced osteoblastic differentiation through the inhibition of Hey1
Zeng Z, Yin X, Zhang X, Jing D, Feng X. Int J Mol Med 36(5):1273-1281, 2015. doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2354. Epub 2015 Sep 24.
Identification of biomechanical force as a novel inducer of epithelial-mesenchymal transition features in mechanical stretched skin
Zhou J, Wang J, Zhang N, Zhang Y, Li Q. Am J Transl Res 7(11):2187-2198, 2015.
microRNA-103a functions as a mechanosensitive microRNA to inhibit bone formation through targeting Runx2
Zuo B, Zhu J, Li J, Wang C, Zhao X, Cai G, Li Z, Peng J, Wang P, Shen C, Huang Y, Xu J, Zhang X, Chen X. J Bone Miner Res 30(2):330-45, 2015. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.2352.
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